Bulk enteric capsule shells

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to aqueous composition comprising hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) polymer dispersed in water, wherein the dispersed polymer is partially neutralized with at least one alkaline material. The instant disclosure also relates to compositions for use in methods of making capsule shells endowed with bulk enteric properties. The present disclosure also relates to capsules made according with the compositions and methods of the present disclosure.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application61/641,505, filed May 2, 2012, and to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/641,485, filed May 2, 2012.

The present disclosure relates to aqueous compositions for use in themanufacture of capsule shells endowed with bulk enteric properties. Thepresent disclosure also relates, in part, to HPMCAS partiallyneutralized in aqueous dispersions suitable for the implementation ofsaid manufacturing process, and to enteric capsule shells and hardcapsules obtained therewith.

Capsules are well-known dosage forms that normally consist of a shellfilled with one or more specific substances. The shell itself may be asoft or a hard stable shell. Hard capsule shells are generallymanufactured using dip moulding processes, which can be distinguishedinto two alternative procedures. In the first procedure, capsules areprepared by dipping stainless-steel mould pins into a solution ofpolymer, optionally containing one or more gelling agents (e.g.carrageenans) and co-gelling agents (e.g. inorganic cations). The mouldpins are subsequently removed, inverted, and dried to form a film on thesurface. The dried capsule films are then removed from the moulds, cutto the desired length, and then the caps and bodies are assembled,printed, and packaged. See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,223, 5,756,123,and 5,756,123.

In the second procedure, no gelling agents or co-gelling agents are usedand film-forming polymer solution gelifications on the moulding pins arethermally induced by dipping pre-heated moulding pins into the polymersolution. This second process is commonly referred to as thermogellationor thermogelling dip moulding. See, e.g., EP 0401832, U.S. Pat. Nos.3,493,407, 4,001,211, GB1310697, U.S. Pat. No. 3,617,588 and WO2008/050209. In each of the aforementioned processes, both utilize asolution of the different ingredients that constitute the capsule shellwall.

Methods for the manufacturing of the soft capsule shells are known inthe art. See e.g. Aulton, M., Aulton's Pharmaceutics: The Design &Manufacture of Medicines, 527-533 (Kevin M G Taylor ed. 3^(rd) ed.2001).

Once the capsules are formed, different techniques have been used toimpart enteric properties to the hard or soft capsule shells. One suchtechnique involves treating the surface of the pre-manufactured capsules(e.g. spraying or film-coating already manufactured capsules) with oneor more layers of a substance or composition that is known to impartenteric properties. However, this technique is time-consuming, complex,and consists of expensive multiple step process. In addition, hardcapsule shells made by this process must typically be pre-filled andsealed, or banded, before the surface is treated. As a result, it is notpossible to use this process to make or commercialize hard capsuleshells in a pre-locked status. Thus, the determination of the adequatefilling parameters is left with the end user.

In an attempt to overcome these drawbacks, another technique used toimpart enteric properties to hard or soft capsule shells involves thedirect use of enteric polymers (acid-insoluble polymers) within thecontext of the hard shell manufacturing process. Thus, in thistechnique, the impartation of the enteric properties occurs during themanufacturing process as opposed to treating capsules which have alreadybeen pre-formed. However, when enteric polymers are used in largeamounts, which are otherwise theoretically necessary forcommercialization of the hard capsule shells manufacture, entericpolymers are poorly or completely water insoluble. Thus, the use of theprocess on a commercial scale raises a significant problem with respectto the effectiveness at which one can use this process underconventional dip moulding techniques. In addition, this method ofcoating works well on a small scale for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC) capsules, but in the case of gelatin capsules, poor adhesion ofthe coat to the smooth gelatin surface can result in brittleness of thecapsule. See, e.g., Huyghebaert et al., Eur J Pharm Sci 2004, 21,617-623; Felton et al., Pharm Sci 2002, 4, Abstract T3320, and Thoma etal., Capsugel Technical Bulletin 1986, 1-16.

Attempts to overcome the deficiencies discussed above range from (i)using low, water-soluble amounts of acid-insoluble polymers incombination with major amounts of conventional film forming polymers;(ii) salifying all the acid groups of the water-insoluble polymers toobtain water-soluble derivatives; (iii) using solvent-based dippingsolutions instead of water-based ones; and (iv) using alternativetechniques, such as injection moulding, which do not require polymersolubilization. See e.g., WO 2004/030658; WO2008/119943; EP1447082; U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,138,013; 2,718,667; JP347246; WO2011/155686; JP2006016372;Han et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 98, No. 8, August2009; and Kirilmaz L., S. T. P. Pharma Sciences, Nov. 10, 1993, 3/5(374-378).

Despite this progress, many of the techniques described above stillrequire the combination of enteric (acid insoluble polymer) andconventional non-enteric polymers, require salts or pH regulatorsleading to water sensitivity or brittleness of the resulting capsuleshells, require multiple processing steps, and/or need to be processedin non-aqueous media. Thus, there is a need to develop a rapid, safe,and economic way to generate industrially viable hard capsule shellsdisplaying enteric properties, while maintaining optimal chemical andmechanical properties, and without (i) the need for conventionalfilm-forming polymers and/or non-aqueous media, or (ii) requiringadditional processing steps, e.g., coating the enteric polymer,post-treatment or double dipping.

Accordingly, one aspect of the present disclosure provides aqueous-basedcompositions comprising partially neutralized hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) polymer that displayappropriate solid content, viscosity at room temperature, settingproperties, and rheological behavior for use in the manufacture ofcapsule shells. As used in the present disclosure, “room temperature”refers to temperatures ranging from 15° C. to 25° C. and preferably 20°C. to 25° C.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to films and capsuleshells obtained from the aforementioned water-based compositions,wherein the films and/or capsule shells display bulk enteric propertiesand exhibit optimal chemical and mechanical properties, e.g.,disintegration profile, dissolution profile, film thickness, tensilestrength values. In another aspect, the capsule shells and capsules madeaccording to the processes of the present disclosure exhibit shapessimilar to those of conventional capsule shells and capsules.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides films and capsuleshells displaying enteric properties, which are free of non-aqueousmedia/solvents.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides rapid, economic, safeand easy to realize dip-moulding processes for the manufacture of hardcapsule shells displaying bulk enteric properties (hereinafter alsoreferred to as “enteric hard capsule shells”). In yet another aspect,the present disclosure provides a rapid, economic, safe and easy torealize “one step” dip-moulding process for the manufacture of hardcapsule shells, wherein the co-presence of conventional film-forming nonenteric polymers is no longer necessary.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides processes for themanufacture of capsules and capsule shells wherein from a layer ofdispersion, bulk evaporation of water occurs while the polymer particlesflocculate (pack together), then close-pack letting water-filledinterstices as per continuing evaporation and particle compaction,polymer film start forming with compacted (deformed) particles, leadingto inter-particles diffusion of polymer molecules that generateisotropic polymer film (coalescence).

As used in the present disclosure, the following words, phrases, andsymbols are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below,except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicatesotherwise.

As used herein, “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequentlydescribed event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that thedescription includes instances where the event or circumstance occursand instances in which it does not.

As used herein, “w/w %” means by weight as a percentage of the totalweight.

The term “about” is intended to mean approximately, in the region of,roughly, or around. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with anumerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundariesabove and below the numerical values set forth. Unless otherwiseindicated, it should be understood that the numerical parameters setforth in the following specification and attached claims areapproximations. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,numerical parameters should be read in light of the number of reportedsignificant digits and the application of ordinary rounding techniques.

As used herein, “alkaline material” refers to at least one basiccompound or basic composition capable of neutralizing succinic acidgroups on HPMCAS, including but not limited to basic hydroxide compoundssuch as potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), or other basic compounds or compositions, forexample, ammonium hydroxide, cationic polymers such as EUDRAGIT® E PO;and mixtures thereof.

Unless otherwise indicated, “hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetatesuccinate” polymer is also referred to as HPMCAS, and is commonly knownin the field of polymers with the following alternative nomenclature:CAS registry number 71138-97-1; chemical common synonyms, such as:Hypromellose Acetate Succinate; HPMC-AS; Cellulose,2-hydroxypropylmethylether, acetate, hydrogen butanedioate. Examples ofthe product include HPMCAS also known as Shin-Etsu AQOAT®. The polymeris available in micronized grade (LF, MF, HF) with mean particle size of5 microns (μm) or granular grade (LG, MG, HG) with mean particle size of1 mm. In certain embodiments the polymer is in the form of finelydivided solid particles having an average diameter ranging from about0.1 to about 10 microns. This example of HPMCAS is a product defined ascontaining not less than 4% and not more than 18% of succinoyl groups,which are only free carboxylic groups in the compound and not less than5% and not more than 14% acetyl groups present in the compound. Thedegree of succinoyl and acetyl substitutions defines the grade (L, M orH), the higher the acetyl content, the lower the succinoyl content.

The term “solids” includes at least all non-aqueous ingredients presentin the aqueous compositions, capsule shells, and capsules describedherein. Other solids are discussed below in connection with optionalingredients of the aqueous compositions, capsule shells, and capsulesdescribed herein.

The terms “semi-neutralized” or “partially neutralized” indicate thatonly a portion of the succinic acid groups present in the HPMCAS polymeris neutralized with an alkaline material (such as a base), and the restof the succinic acid groups remain in the acid form. Such partialneutralization is obtained by adding a base in a non-stoichiometricproportion, the molar quantity of acid groups being in excess versus themolar quantity of the base. The amount of alkaline material present inthe aqueous composition may be expressed as an “alkali value.” Incertain embodiments such partial neutralization may be achieved with KOHin amounts lower than about 1.5 weight % of KOH equivalent based on thetotal weight of the aqueous composition. In certain embodiments,suitable amounts of KOH range from about 0.05 weight % to about 1.0weight % of KOH equivalent based on the total weight of the aqueouscomposition. Neutralization of the HPMCAS polymer may alternatively beobtained by adding ammonia, for example in the form of aqueous ammoniumhydroxide, or any other strong mineral base such as potassium, calciumor sodium hydroxide, or any polymeric alkaline material such as cationicpolymers and copolymers, for example cationic copolymer EUDRAGIT® E PObased on poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-butylmethacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) 2:1:1 (IUPCAC poly(butylmethacrylate-co-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate 1:2:1) commercially available from Evonik and having analkali value of 0.18 g KOH/g polymer (a suitable amount was calculatedto be 8.6% of Eudragit E PO (cationic polymer having an alkali value of0.18 according to Evonik manufacturer), calculated from 8.6×0.18=1.55%of KOH equivalent). Neutral pH may be obtained by adding ammonia inamounts of 2.6% by weight of HPMCAS (see comparative example 4, 0.52grams of ammonia (added as ammonium hydroxide) is added to 20 grams ofHPMCAS i.e., 0.47 wt % of NH3 on total composition weight i.e., 1.55 wt% of KOH equivalent based on the total weight of the aqueouscomposition, calculated from 0.47/17×56=1.55% of KOH equivalent, whereinthe molar mass of NH₃=17 g/mol, molar mass of KOH=56 g/mol). Similarly,suitable amounts of other bases may be calculated from the KOHequivalent via this molar ratio.

Partial neutralization may be obtained in various ways. For example,partial neutralization may be obtained by adding ammonia in amounts ofless than about 2.6% weight of total HPMCAS present in the aqueouscomposition, or by adding ammonia in amounts of less than about 2%, orless than about 1.5% of the amount of the total HPMCAS present in theaqueous composition. Partial neutralization may also be obtained byadding potassium hydroxide (KOH) in amounts of less than about 1.55%weight of total weight of the aqueous composition, or KOH in amounts ofless than about 1.0%, or less than about 0.8% of total weight of theaqueous composition. Partial neutralization may further be obtained byadding cationic polymer EUDRAGIT® E PO in amounts of less than about8.6% by weight of the total weight of the aqueous composition, orEUDRAGIT® E PO amounts of less than about 5.5%, or less than about 4.4%by weight of the total weight of the aqueous composition. Partialneutralization may also be obtained by adding a mixture of alkalinematerials in total amount of less than about 1.55% by weight of KOHequivalent based on the total weight of the aqueous composition, or amixture of alkaline materials in total amount of less than about 1.0% byweight of KOH equivalent, or less than about 0.8% weight of KOHequivalent based on the total weight of the aqueous composition.

The term “dispersion” refers to a two phase system where one phaseconsists of finely divided particles, often in a colloidal size range,distributed throughout a bulk substance. The particles are onlypartially soluble on the bulk substance. Upon application of thedispersion layer in the mold or pin used during capsule formation thecolloidal particles come into direct contact with each other and formclose-packed arrays due to water evaporation and the interfacial tensionbetween water and polymer.

The hard capsules described herein have the same or similar shape ofcommercially available, conventional hard capsules intended for oraladministration to human or animal subjects. The hard capsules describedherein can be manufactured using different processes, such as the dipmoulding processes discussed below as well as the use of conventionalequipment. As is described in detail below, pin moulds may be dippedinto an aqueous-based film forming composition and subsequentlywithdrawn. The film formed on the moulding pins surface can then bedried, stripped off the pins and cut to a desired length, therebyobtaining the capsules caps and bodies. Normally, caps and bodies have aside wall, an open end and a closed end. The length of the side wall ofeach of said parts is generally greater than the capsule diameter. Thecapsule caps and bodies may be telescopically joined together so as tomake their side walls partially overlap and obtain a hard capsule shell.

As described herein, the term “partially overlap” is intended toencompass the side walls of caps and bodies having the same or similarlength such that when a cap and a body are telescopically joined, theside wall of said cap encases the entire side wall of said body.

Unless otherwise indicated, “capsule” refers to filled capsule shellswhereas “shell” specifically refers to an empty capsule. Since the hardcapsule shells described herein can be filled with substances in liquidform, the hard capsules may be sealed or banded according toconventional techniques. Alternatively, the hard capsule shells can bemanufactured to have a specific capsule shell design that providescertain advantages over conventional techniques, e.g., the ability topre-lock empty caps and bodies, or completing the filling steps in adifferent location, or at a specific time. Examples of such designs maybe found in, for example, WO 2009/138920 and WO 2009/050646.

The term “active ingredient” or “active pharmaceutical ingredient” (API)is used to indicate a component of the compositions, capsule shells, andcapsules described herein that is pharmaceutically or physiologicallyactive. Thus, it would be understood that any compound that ispharmaceutically or physiologically active, or that may take the benefitof delayed release, is considered to be an active ingredient. Forexample, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or caffeine would be consideredactive ingredients. As used within this disclosure the term “activeingredient formulation” or “API formulation” refers to compositions orformulations comprising at least one active ingredient, and optionallyother inactive components, such as excipients, additives, etc.

Unless otherwise indicated, “bulk enteric properties” means that thecapsule shells described herein are soluble in, or disintegrated byalkaline intestinal secretions, but are substantially insoluble orresistant in acid secretions of the stomach. These enteric propertiesare intrinsic to the capsule shells and capsules as manufactured, i.e.,no further coating or other post-manufacturing treatment is necessary toimpart these enteric properties. Disintegration and dissolutionproperties can be tested according to monographs <701>, USP34-NF29, page276; <711>, USP34-NF29, page 278; and <2040>, USP34-NF29, page 871.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides an aqueouscomposition for the manufacture of enteric capsule shells comprisingHPMCAS polymer, wherein the polymer is partially neutralized to a pHwith alkaline material.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides an aqueouscomposition for the manufacture of enteric capsule shells comprisingHPMCAS polymer, wherein the polymer is partially neutralized to a pHranging from 4 to 5.5. For instance, the pH range of 4.8 to 5.3 or 5 to5.2.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides an aqueouscomposition for the manufacture of enteric capsule shells comprisingHPMCAS polymer, wherein the polymer is partially neutralized to theextent that the enteric capsule shells manufactured with the aqueoussolution are resistant to disintegration in demineralized water for atleast 10 minutes, such as for example at least 15, 20, 25 or 30 minutes.

In one embodiment, the HPMCAS polymer is partly dispersed and partlysolubilised in the aqueous media, in amounts ranging from about 15 w/w %to about 25 w/w % based on the total weight of the aqueous composition.The polymer is partially neutralized with less than about 0.5 w/w % ofat least one alkaline material.

In one embodiment, HPMCAS is the only polymer displaying entericproperties in the aqueous compositions. Thus, in one embodiment theaqueous compositions do not contain other polymers, except HPMCAS, whichdisplay enteric properties, e.g., polymers such as polymethacrylates(copolymer of methacrylic acid and either methyl methacrylate or ethylacrylate—e.g. Eudragit® enteric family members such as Eudragit® L); CAP(cellulose acetate phthalate); CAT (cellulose acetate trimellitate);HPMCP (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate); CMEC (Carboxy MethylEthyl Cellulose); or polyvinyl derivatives e.g. polyvinyl acetatephthalate (Coateric® family members).

One possible advantage of the aqueous compositions herein is that theHPMCAS amounts described allow for the manufacture of the hard capsuleshells, e.g. using a dip-moulding process, without the need toincorporate other film-forming polymer(s) that are conventionally usedas base film-forming polymers for hard capsule shells. In other wordsHPMCAS can be used along with the processing aids in amounts thatprovide films endowed with sufficient film forming properties such asthermal properties (DSC and MFT), thermo-rheological properties andmechanical properties (e.g. Young's module and brittleness).Accordingly, in one embodiment, the aqueous compositions may comprisefilm-forming polymer(s) conventionally used as base film-formingpolymers for hard capsule shells in amounts less than about 5% byweight, e.g., less than about 1% by weight over the weight of the shell.Alternatively, in one embodiment, the aqueous compositions do notcontain film-forming polymer(s) conventionally used as base film-formingpolymers for hard capsule shells.

In one embodiment, film-forming polymer(s) conventionally used as basefilm-forming polymers for hard capsule shells include, for example,cellulose non enteric derivatives. Examples include HPMC (e.g. HPMCtypes 2910, 2906 and/or 2208 as defined in USP30-NF25), MC, gelatin,pullulan, PVA and non enteric starch derivatives, such as hydroxypropylstarch.

In one embodiment, the polymer is pre-dispersed in water and may includeat least one dispersant. The amount of dispersant may range from about0.5 w/w % to about 2 w/w %, based on the total weight of the aqueouscomposition. Non-limiting examples of dispersants include non-ionicemulsifiers or surfactants such as glyceryl esters (e.g. glycerylmonooleate and monolinoleate, medium chain triglycerides—i.e. C₆-C₁₂fatty acid esters of glycerol); glycol esters (e.g. propylene glycoldicaprylocaprate and monolaurate); sorbitan monoesters (e.g. sorbitanmonolaurate and monooleate); sorbitan polyoxyethylene esters (e.g.polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, monopalmitate, monostearate andmonooleate); or mixtures of thereof. The dispersant may include sorbitanpolyoxyethylene esters such as polysorbate (commercially known as Tween®80).

In one embodiment, the aqueous composition comprises a gelling agent orgelling component that undergoes a thermal gelation at elevatedtemperature. In other words, the viscosity of said aqueous compositionincreases at a temperature above room temperature called criticalgelation temperature (CGT) up to the point where the composition becomesa gel. The CGT depends on the gelling agent used and ranges from about30° C. to 60° C.

In one embodiment, the gelling agent is selected from the groupconsisting of polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene tri-blockcopolymers, cellulose derivatives, polysaccharides, and mixturesthereof. In one embodiment, the thermo-gelling agent consists of anon-ionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene blockpolymer. This ingredient is also known in the field of polymers with thefollowing synonyms: polyoxyethylene-propylene glycol copolymer,polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer, commercial names of familiesof polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block polymers are:LUTROL®, MONOLAN®, PLURONIC®, SUPRONIC®, SYNPERONIC®; CAS nameα-Hydro-ω-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene)poly(oxypropylene)poly(oxyethylene)block copolymer; CAS number 9003-11-6. Examples of poloxamers may befound in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,740,421.

The language poloxamer or poloxamers refers topolyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene (POE)a-(POP)b-(POE)atriblock copolymers wherein a and b are integers and determined by theinitial amounts of POE and POP used in the polymerization process aswell as the polymerization process conditions. Within the averagemolecular weight ranging from about 1000 to about 20000, appropriate a/bratios can be selected based on the desired hydrophilic/hydrophobicproperties of the final polymer (since the POE blocks bringhydrophilicity whereas POP blocks bring hydrophobicity). Poloxamerssuitable in the context of the present disclosure, include those forwhich the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of the hydrophilic andlipophilic moieties is higher than 5, such as higher than 7, and higherthan 12.

In one embodiment, poloxamers are selected from those defined in theUSP32-NF27 “poloxamers” monograph. Examples of such products arePoloxamer 124 (commercially available from BASF as KOLLISOLV® 124) ANDPOLOXAMER 188 (commercially available from BASF as PLURONIC® F68NF),having an average molecular weight range of about 2090 to about 2360,and from about 7680 to about 9510 respectively; and a polyethylene oxideratio of about 45% to about 80% respectively. Mixtures of poloxamers,such as USP32-NF27 poloxamers, are also within the scope of the presentdisclosure

In one embodiment, the thermo-gelling agent comprises, apolyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene tri-block polymerhaving an average molecular weight ranging from about 1000 to about20000, said thermo-gelling agent being present in an amount ranging fromabout 0.1 w/w % to about 5 w/w % over the total weight of aqueouscomposition of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the thermo-gelling agent consists of a cellulosederivative selected from non-ionic products such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose also known as HPMC (e.g. HPMC types 2910, 2906 and/or2208 as defined in USP30-NF25); methyl cellulose (e.g. MC Metlose Smfrom Shin Etsu); said thermo-gelling agent being present in an amountranging from about 0.1 w/w % to about 5 w/w % over the total weight ofaqueous composition of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the thermo-gelling agent consists of a polysaccharideselected from ionic products such as chitosan(poly(1,4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucan) with a deacetylation level above70%; said thermo-gelling agent being present in an amount ranging fromabout 0.05 w/w % to about 2 w/w % over the total weight of aqueouscomposition of the present disclosure.

In another embodiment, the aqueous composition comprises a gelling agentthat undergoes a cold gelation at low or room temperature. In otherwords, the viscosity of said aqueous composition increases at atemperature below or about room temperature called critical gelationtemperature (CGT) down to the point where the composition becomes a gel.The CGT depends on the gelling agent used and ranges from about 0° C. to25° C.

In one embodiment, the gelling agent includes polysaccharides or gums,such as carrageenan, gellan gum, guar gum, xanthan gum, andraganth gum,agar agar, pectin, curdlan, gelatine, furcellaran, tamarind seed, locustbean gum, or mixtures of thereof. The gelling agents may includecarrageenan-Kappa (commercially available from Cargill) or gellan gum(commercially available from CP Kelco).

In one embodiment, the gelling agent consists of a polysaccharide in anamount ranging from about 0.1 w/w % to about 5 w/w % over the totalweight of aqueous composition of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the aqueous compositions described herein maycomprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable agents, food acceptablecolouring agents, or mixtures thereof.

Said agents may be selected from azo-, quinophthalone-,triphenylmethane-, xanthene- or indigoid dyes; iron oxides orhydroxides; titanium dioxide; or natural dyes and mixtures thereof.Further examples are patent blue V, acid brilliant green BS, red 2G,azorubine, ponceau 4R, amaranth, D+C red 33, D+C red 22, D+C red 26, D+Cred 28, D+C yellow 10, yellow 2 G, FD+C yellow 5, FD+C yellow 6, FD+Cred 3, FD+C red 40, FD+C blue 1, FD+C blue 2, FD+C green 3, brilliantblack BN, carbon black, iron oxide black, iron oxide red, iron oxideyellow, titanium dioxide, riboflavin, carotenes, anthocyanines,turmeric, cochineal extract, chlorophyllin, canthaxanthin, caramel,betanin and Candurin® pearlescent pigments. Candurin® is manufacturedand marketed by Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and consist of titaniumdioxide and/or iron oxide—approved food and pharmaceutical colorants inmany countries—and potassium aluminium silicate as color carrier. Thelatter is a natural, also widely approved, silicate also known under thename of “mica'.”

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable agents, foodacceptable colouring agents, or mixtures thereof are present in anamount ranging from about 0 to about 5% by weight, e.g., from about 0 toabout 2.5% by weight, and from about 0 to about 1.5% by weight over thetotal weight of the aqueous composition of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the aqueous compositions described herein furthercomprise at least one film forming aid.

In one embodiment, the term “film forming aid” comprises one or moreplasticizers conventionally used in the manufacture of capsule shells,notably hard capsule shells, to ensure the formation of self-supportedcohesive films and avoid capsule brittleness, and/or one or moreviscosity enhancers, i.e. natural as well as synthetic substancesconventionally used to optimize viscosity of aqueous compositions forthe dip moulding manufacture of hard capsule shells. Film forming aidsthat display plasticizing properties include: phtalique esters (e.g.dimethyl-, diethyl-, dibutyl-, diisopropyl- and dioctyl-phtalate);citric esters (e.g. triethyl-, tributyl-, acetyltriethyl- andacetyltributyl-citrate); phosphoric esters (e.g. triethyl-, tricresyl,triphenyl-phosphate); alkyl lactate; glycerol and glycerol esters (e.g.glycerol triacetate also known as triacetine); sucrose esters; oils andfatty acid esters; butyl stearate; dibutyl sebacate; dibutyl tartrate;diisobutyl adipate, tributyrin; propylene glycol; polyethyleneglycol(PEG), polyoxyethylene (PEO); and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, film forming aids are selected from rheologymodifiers, structuring agents, surfactants, plasticizers, and mineralcharges e.g., hypromellose; alkyl cellulose (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose CMC) and other cellulosic derivatives (e.g. HPC, EC, MC,CMEC, HPMCP); polyvinyl acetate derivatives (PVAP); polysaccharides;glyceryl esters; glycol esters; sorbitan monoesters; sorbitanpolyoxyethylene esters; polyoxyethylene (POE) ethers; glycerol;polyethylene glycols; polyols; fatty acid esters; glycerol polyethylene,glycol ricinoleate; macrogolglycerides; sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS);triethyl citrate (TEC); acetyl trialkyl citrate; glycerol triacetate(triacetine); alkyl phthalate; talc; silica (Syloid 244FP from Grace)and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, film forming aids that display both plasticizing andviscosity enhancing properties are selected from: glyceryl esters (e.g.glyceryl monooleate and monolinoleate, medium chain triglycerides—i.e.C₆-C₁₂ fatty acid esters of glycerol); glycol esters (e.g. propyleneglycol dicaprylocaprate and monolaurate); sorbitan monoesters (e.g.sorbitan monolaurate and monooleate); sorbitan polyoxyethylene esters(e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, monopalmitate, monostearateand monooleate); polyoxyethylene (POE) ethers (e.g. polyethylene glycoldodecyl ether); glycerol; polyethylene glycols (e.g. PEG 4000, PEG6000); glycerol polyethylene glycol ricinoleate; linoleoylmacrogolglycerides; sucrose esters; silica and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, film forming aids are selected from: sorbitanmonoesters (e.g. sorbitan monolaurate and monooleate); sorbitanpolyoxyethylene esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate,monopalmitate, monostearate and monooleate); polyoxyethylene (POE)ethers (e.g. polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether); glycerol; polyvinylacetate derivatives (PVAP), cellulosic derivative (e.g. HPMC, HPC, EC,MC, CMEC, HPMCAS, HPMCP), silica and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, film forming aids are present in the aqueouscomposition in an amount ranging from about 0 to about 20% by weight,such as about 0 to about 15% by weight, about 0 to about 10% by weightover the total weight of the aqueous composition of the presentdisclosure.

In one embodiment, the water is purified in a manner that is acceptablefor pharmaceutical uses as defined under USP purified water in USP32 andUSP34-NF29. It will be understood that the aqueous composition describedherein allow for non-aqueous solvents in trace amounts. Typicalnon-aqueous solvents are for example ethanol, or other low MW alcoholsconventionally used as solvents, chlorinated solvents, ethers.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure also provides capsule shellscomprising the aqueous compositions described herein, for example, asbulk enteric hard capsule shells.

In one embodiment, hard capsule shells are obtainable using the aqueouscompositions disclosed above and the processes as disclosed below, e.g.,dip moulding.

In one embodiment, the hard capsule shells as described comprise a shellthickness (after drying to bring the water content of the shell below 6%by weight over the weight of the shell) lower than about 250 μm, e.g.,at about 150 μm, and at about 70 μm. Thus, in one embodiment, the shellthickness may range from about 70 to about 150 μm.

It should be noted that the aforementioned shell thickness values aredifficult, if not impossible, to be obtain with manufacturing methodsthat are alternative to dip moulding. For example, injection mouldingtechniques typically produce shell thicknesses of about 300 to about 500μm.

In one embodiment, the shells may or may not be externally coated withadditional one or more polymer layers. Alternatively, the shells aremonolayer, i.e., no external additional polymer layers are present.Thus, in one embodiment, no additional functional polymer layers arepresent.

Unless otherwise indicated, functional polymer layers means layerscontaining functional polymers that impart a particular mechanical orchemical properties to the coated shell. Functional polymers are entericpolymers conventionally used to coat pharmaceutical solid dosage formsand/or colonic release polymers (i.e. polymers used to achievedisintegration of the coated dosage form in the colon region of asubject). An overview of these polymers as applied to hard capsulecoatings, can be found in, for example, WO 2000/018377. Capsule bandingor sealing are not presently considered as applying additional externallayer(s), hence banded or sealed capsule shells and capsule are wellwithin the scope of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides bulk enteric hardcapsule shells comprising hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetatesuccinate (HPMCAS) polymer, at least one gelling agent, at least onedispersant and water, wherein the polymer is partially neutralized withat least one alkaline material.

Typical amounts of water are below 20% by weight over the total weightof the shell, such as below 10% by weight, below 8% by weight, and below6% by weight over the total weight of the shell.

In one embodiment, the amount of water, as equilibrated with therelative humidity of the outside air, ranges from about 2% to about 20%by weight of the total weight of the capsule shell.

In one embodiment, the hard capsule shells further comprise at least oneencapsulated active ingredient. Thus, the capsules may be filled withone or more acid-instable substances and/or one or more substancesassociated with gastric side effects in humans and/or animals.

In one embodiment, acid-instable substances are natural or syntheticsubstances that undergo chemical degradation or modification in the acidenvironment present in the stomach of a subject. In one embodiment,substances associated with gastric side effects are pharmaceutical drugsor compositions intended for human or animal oral administration, whoserelease in the stomach upon oral administration to a human or animalbeing is associated to gastric side-effects, such as gastric reflux orimpairment of physiological and/or structural integrity of gastricmucosa (e.g. stomach ulcers).

In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a solid,semi-solid, or liquid form.

In one embodiment, the shells further comprise one or morepharmaceutically or food acceptable colouring agents, as defined above.One or more pharmaceutically acceptable agents or food acceptablecolouring agents are present in amounts ranging from 0 to about 15% byweight, such as, from 0 to about 10% by weight and from 0 to about 8% byweight over the total weight of the shells.

In one embodiment, the shells comprise a gelling agent as defined above.Gelling agent may be present in amounts ranging from 0% to about 40% byweight, such as, from 0% to about 30% by weight and from 0% to about 25%by weight over the total weight of the shells.

In one embodiment, the shells comprise a dispersant as defined above.Dispersant may be present in amounts ranging from 0% to about 20% byweight, such as, from 0% to about 10% by weight and from 0% to about 5%by weight over the total weight of the shells.

In one embodiment, the shells further comprise a film forming aid asdefined above. Film forming aids may be present in amounts ranging from0% to about 40% by weight, such as, from 0% to about 30% by weight andfrom 0/o to about 25% by weight over the total weight of the shells.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure also provides a capsule shellcomprising an aqueous dispersion of a functional hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS)polymer, said polymer being presentin an amount ranging from about 15% to about 25% by weight of the totalweight of said aqueous composition, wherein the polymer is partiallyneutralized with at least one alkaline material; at least one dispersantpresent in an amount ranging from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight ofthe total weight of said aqueous composition; at least one gelling agentpresent in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight ofthe total weight of said aqueous composition; at least one film formingaid present in an amount ranging from about 0% to about 40% by weight ofthe total weight of said aqueous composition; and water.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure also provides hard capsuleshells and processes for making the hard capsule shells describedherein, wherein the capsule shells comprise a disintegration release ofless than about 10% of the total encapsulated at least one activeingredient after a time of about 2 hours and about pH 1.2

In another embodiment, the present disclosure also provides hard capsuleshells and processes for making the hard capsule shells describedherein, wherein the capsule shells comprise a dissolution release ofless than about 10% of the total encapsulated at least on activeingredient after at time of about 2 hours and about pH 1.2

In one embodiment, the hard capsule shells comprise a disintegrationrelease of less than about 10% of the total encapsulated at least oneactive ingredient after a time of about 2 hours and about pH 1.2 and adissolution release of less than about 10% of the total encapsulated atleast on active ingredient after at time of about 2 hours and about pH1.2.

In one embodiment, the dissolution release is about 80% of the totalencapsulated at least one active ingredient at a time of about 45minutes and about pH 6.8

In one embodiment, capsule shells have bulk enteric properties when theyhave dissolution and disintegration profiles that at least match thedisintegration and dissolution profiles reported above. Thesedisintegration and dissolution profiles in enteric media are difficultif not impossible to be achieved by capsule shells obtained using waterbased compositions containing lower amounts of enteric polymer. Becauseconventional use has been to use the enteric polymer in solution and notthe described dispersion, the use of much lower amounts of entericpolymer was a considered to be a mandatory feature, which does not applyhere.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure also provides hard capsuleshells and processes for making the hard capsule shells describedherein, wherein the capsule shells comprise a dissolution release ofless than about 10% of the total encapsulated at least one activeingredient after a time of about 2 hour in demineralised water at aboutpH 5.5. Although possible by using enteric polymers in solution, thisresistance to dissolution in demineralised water is difficult if notimpossible to be achieved by capsule shells obtained using fullyneutralized enteric polymers in water-based compositions, because ofsalt water-sensitivity, which does not apply to the partiallyneutralized dispersion described here.

The described filled capsules may be made tamper-proof by usingappropriate techniques to make the joint permanent. Typically, sealingor banding techniques can be used where these techniques are well-knownto any skilled person in the field of capsules. In this connection, itis conventional practice to perform banding and/or sealing using polymersolutions in water/ethanol or water/isopropanol solutions. Traces ofsuch non water solvents can be found if an elemental analysis isperformed on a sealed or banded capsule without making a distinctionbetween ingredients that are part of the shell and ingredients that arepart of the band or sealing subsequently applied.

Processes to make the aforementioned capsule shells and capsulescomprising the aqueous composition described herein are also disclosed.Despite the high solid content, the aqueous compositions describedherein have a medium viscosity when the HPMCAS is in a dispersed stateand not in solution.

In one embodiment, the viscosity of the aqueous compositions describedherein, when measured at 21° C. with a Brookfield viscosimeter equippedwith a spindle 27 at a speed of 10 RPM, ranges from about 1 cP to about5000 cP, e.g., from about 500 cP to about 3000 cP, and from about 1000cP to about 2500 cP.

In one embodiment the minimum film-forming temperature (MFFT) of theaqueous compositions described herein, when measured with a conventionalMFFT-bar from Rhopoint, ranges from about 10° C. to 80° C., e.g., fromabout 20° C. to 70° C. or about 30° C. to 70° C. The MFFT described thetemperature from which the film starts to coalesce. Without being boundto any theory, it is believed that the aqueous composition describedhere undergoes a mixed drying process combining coalescence of polymerparticles and gelation of the gelling agent. Both physical featuresdefine the adequate temperature at which the film adheres on the pinwithout flowing down on after dipping, known as the setting temperature.This setting temperature is a parameter of aqueous compositions to beused in the manufacture of hard capsules that is well known to anyskilled person.

In one embodiment, the aqueous compositions to be used in the context ofthe dip-moulding processes described below are the aqueous compositionsas discussed above. Accordingly, any consideration and embodimentdiscussed in connection with the aqueous compositions apply to thedip-moulding processes described herein to the extent that it istechnically possible.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present disclosure providesthermo-gelling dip-moulding processes for the manufacture of bulkenteric hard capsule shells when the aqueous composition comprises athermo-gelling agent, wherein the processes comprise:

-   -   a) providing an aqueous composition comprising hydroxypropyl        methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) polymer, a        thermo-gelling agent, a dispersant and water, wherein the        water-dispersed polymer is partially neutralized with alkaline        material    -   b) adjusting said aqueous composition to a temperature (T1)        ranging from about 5° C. to about 40° C.;    -   c) pre-beating moulding pins to a dipping temperature (T2)        ranging from about 15° C. to about 70° C. higher than said        temperature T1;    -   d) dipping the pre-heated moulding pins into said matured        aqueous composition at temperature T1;    -   e) forming a film on said moulding pins by withdrawing said pins        from said aqueous composition; and    -   f) drying the film on said moulding pins to form bulk enteric        hard capsule shells.

In one embodiment, the aqueous composition is kept in step (b) at atemperature ranging from about 5° C. to about 40° C., such as, forexample from about 15° C. to about 35° C. and about 20° C. to about 30°C.

In one embodiment, pins are pre-heated and dipped at a temperatureranging from about 15° C. to about 70° C. higher than the temperature ofthe aqueous composition in step (b). For example, the temperature mayrange from about 15° C. to about 50° C. and from about 25° C. to about50° C. higher than the temperature of the aqueous composition in step(b). In one embodiment, pins are pre-heated to a temperature rangingfrom about 45° C. to about 90° C.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides cold gelationdip-moulding processes for the manufacture of bulk enteric hard capsuleshells when the aqueous composition comprises at least one gellingagent, wherein the processes comprise:

-   -   a′) providing an aqueous composition comprising hydroxypropyl        methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) polymer, a gelling        agent, a dispersant and water, wherein the water-dispersed        polymer is partially neutralized with alkaline material,    -   b′) adjusting said aqueous composition to a temperature (T3)        ranging from about 30° C. to about 80° C.;    -   c′) pre-heating moulding pins to a dipping temperature (T4)        ranging from about 5° C. to about 30° C.;    -   d) dipping the pre-heated moulding pins into said matured        aqueous composition;    -   e) forming a film on said moulding pins by withdrawing said pins        from said aqueous composition; and    -   f) drying the film on said moulding pins to form bulk enteric        hard capsule shells.

In one embodiment, the aqueous composition is kept in step (b′) at atemperature T3 ranging from about 30° C. to about 80° C., preferentiallyfrom about 30° C. to about 60° C. and more preferentially from about 40°C. to about 60° C.

In one embodiment, pins are pre-heated and dipped at a temperature T4ranging from about 5° C. to about 30° C. preferentially from about 10°C. to about 30° C. and more preferentially from about 15° C. to about25° C.

In one embodiment, step (d) comprises a single dipping of the pins. Inother words, no multiple dipping of the pins is necessary to obtain apick-up of material on pins surface sufficient to obtain a film endowedwith required mechanical properties.

In one embodiment, step (f) of drying is performed according to dryingtechniques typically applied in the field of hard capsules, which can beaccomplished using equipment known to the skilled person for thispurpose. In one embodiment, step (f) of drying can be performedaccording to any technique commonly known for this purpose, for exampleby placing the pins in ovens. In one embodiment, step f) of drying isperformed at a temperature ranging from about 20° C. to about 90° C.

In one embodiment, the moulding processes further comprise a step (g) offilling hard capsules shells with one or more substances as disclosedabove.

In one embodiment, the moulding processes further comprise a step (h) ofmaking a filled hard capsule tamper-proof by sealing and/or banding thefilled hard capsule obtained in step (g).

EXAMPLES

A suitable test procedure to test disintegration properties of theshells (and capsules) is as follows: USP Apparatus basket-rack assemblyconsisting of six open-ended transparent tubes, each tube being providedwith a disk; Disintegration media: simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2with NaCl for 2 hours then simulated intestinal fluid at pH 6.8 withKH₂PO₄+NaOH; Test conditions: fluid kept at 37° C.; oscillationfrequency is 30 minutes; volume of disintegration medium is 800 ml;number of samples tested is 6. Test shells #0 are pre-filled with 450 mgof acetaminophen. Capsules are placed in the tubes and a disk is overimposed. The basket is then placed in the simulated gastric fluid for 2hours and then moved to the simulated intestinal fluid. UV (λ=300 nm) isused to quantify dissolved acetaminophen (as % of filled amount) in bothsimulated gastric and intestinal fluids.

A suitable test procedure for dissolution properties of the shells (andcapsules) is as follows:

USP Dissolution Apparatus 2 (paddle), dissolution media: simulatedgastric fluid at pH 1.2 0.1 N HCl for 2 hours then simulated intestinalfluid at pH 6.8 with Na₃PO₄; Test conditions: fluid kept at 37° C.,paddle vessel (USP/NF) of cylindrical form with spherical end; rotationspeed was 50 rpm; dissolution liquid volume is 750 ml; number of samplesis 6. Test shells #0 are filled with 380 mg of acetaminophen. Capsulesare then placed into the vessel which is placed in the simulated gastricfluid for 2 hours. Subsequently, 250 ml of 0.20 M tribasic sodiumphosphate are added to simulated intestinal fluid pH 6.8. UV (1=300 nm)is used to quantify dissolved acetaminophen (as % of filled amount) inthe dissolution media. Measures are made every 15 minutes when in thesimulated gastric fluid and every 3 minutes in the simulated intestinalfluid.

When tested according to USP32-NF27 monographs <701> and <711> fordelayed-release dosage forms, respectively, the capsule shells oncefilled with acetaminophen showed at least the following profiles:

-   -   Disintegration: release less than 10% of total encapsulated        acetaminophen after 2 hours at pH 1.2; and    -   Dissolution: release less than 10% of total encapsulated        acetaminophen after 2 hours at pH 1.2, where 80% of the        acetaminophen was released after 45 minutes at pH 6.8.

A suitable test procedure for demineralised water-resistance propertiesof the shells (and capsules) is as follows: USP Dissolution Apparatus 2(paddle); dissolution media: demineralised water at pH about 5.5 for 2hours; Test conditions: fluid kept at 37° C., paddle vessel (USP/NF) ofcylindrical form with spherical end; rotation speed was 50 rpm;dissolution liquid volume is 750 ml; number of samples is 6. Test shells#0 are filled with 380 mg of acetaminophen. Capsules are then placedinto the vessel which is placed in the demineralised water for 1 hour.UV (A=300 nm) is used to quantify dissolved acetaminophen (as % offilled amount) in the dissolution media. Measures are made every 15minutes. The capsule shells once filled with acetaminophen showed atleast the following dissolution profiles: release less than 10% of totalencapsulated acetaminophen after 2 hours in demineralised water.

Description of the Test Protocols a) Determination of the Ability forthe Aqueous Dispersion to Form a Continuous Film:

The prepared aqueous dispersion is casted on a glass plate kept at thesetting temperature of the composition using Capsugel film castequipment (modified motorized Thin Layer Chromatography Plate Coaterunit from CAMAG) or any other conventional drawdown coating equipment tomake a uniform thin film having a dry thickness of about 100 μm. Thecasted film on the glass plate is kept in an oven during 1 hour at thedrying temperature, and then stored for at least 2 hours at roomtemperature and 50% RH to allow full drying. Once dried, the obtainedfilm is removed from the glass plate and evaluated for visual, physicalproperties, and thermal properties. The Tg and the MFFT of the preparedaqueous composition are also measured with respectively DSC equipmentand MFFT-bar, as per standard operating procedures for films and coatingevaluation.

b) Evaluation of the Aqueous Dispersion Setting Properties

To reproduce the capsule dipping process, a simplified lab-scaleequipment called Pin Lab Dipper has been developed to mimic the dippingof a pin into the solution. This device is equipped with anelectronically-assisted module to control the pin dipping profile andwithdrawal profile. It also ensures the pin rotation to the uprightposition and regulates the pin temperature. The dipping step is followedby a drying sequence with appropriate hot air. This test evaluates thepotential setting properties of the tested solutions, whether it ispossible to form a continuous and homogeneous film on the stainlesssteel pin by dip moulding processes.

Example 1: Preparation of an Aqueous Dispersion Comprising aThermo-Gelling Agent

The composition was made according to Table 1.

TABLE 1 non-vol wt (g) wt % solids % Process step water 80.00 74.23 0.000.00 HPMCAS 20.00 18.56 18.56 78.74 Tween 80 1.20 1.11 1.11 4.72 1:dispersant NH3 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.79 2: partial neutralization water 0.370.34 0.00 0.00 triacetine 2.00 1.86 1.86 7.87 3: film-forming aidPoloxamer 2.00 1.86 1.86 7.87 4: thermo-gelling agent water 2.00 1.860.00 0.00 Total 107.77 100.00 23.57 100.00

Example 2: Preparation of an Aqueous Dispersion Comprising a GellingAgent

The composition was made according to Table 2.

TABLE 2 non-vol wt (g) wt % solids % Process step water 80.00 64.56 0.000.00 HPMCAS 20.00 16.14 16.14 83.54 Tween 80 1.20 0.97 0.97 5.01 1:dispersant NH3 0.20 0.16 0.16 0.84 2: partial neutralization water 0.370.30 0.00 0.00 triacetine 2.00 1.61 1.61 8.35 3: film-forming aidCarrageenan 0.40 0.32 0.32 1.67 4: gelling agents Kappa KCl 0.14 0.110.11 0.58 water 19.60 15.82 0.00 0.00 Total 123.91 100.00 19.32 100.00

Example 3: Preparation of an Aqueous Dispersion Comprising Mixture ofAlkaline Materials

The composition was made according to Table 3.

TABLE 3 non-vol wt (g) wt % solids % Process step water 80.00 73.94 0.000.00 HPMCAS 20.00 18.48 18.48 77.43 Tween 80 1.20 1.11 1.11 4.65 1:dispersant Eudragit E 0.43 0.40 0.40 1.66 PO NH3 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.77 2:partial neutralization water 0.37 0.34 0.00 0.00 triacetine 2.00 1.851.85 7.74 3: film-forming aid Poloxamer 2.00 1.85 1.85 7.74 4:thermo-gelling agent water 2.00 1.85 0.00 0.00 Total 108.20 100.00 23.87100.00

Comparative Example 4: Preparation of a Fully Neutralised AqueousDispersion with Conventional Film-Forming Polymer

The composition was made according to Table 4.

TABLE 4 wt (g) wt % solids non-vol % Process step water 80.00 72.28 0.000.00 HPMCAS 20.00 18.07 18.07 77.76 Tween 80 1.20 1.08 1.08 4.67 1:dispersant NH3 0.52 0.47 0.47 2.02 2: full neutralization water 0.970.87 0.00 0.00 HPMC 4.00 3.61 3.61 15.55 3: conventional film- water4.00 3.61 0.00 0.00 forming polymer Total 110.69 100.00 23.24 100.00

Comparative Example 5: Preparation of a Fully Neutralised AqueousDispersion with Conventional Film-Forming Polymer

The composition was made according to Table 5.

TABLE 5 non-vol wt (g) wt % solids % Process step water 80.00 73.61 0.000.00 HPMCAS 20.00 18.40 18.40 77.76 Tween 80 1.20 1.10 1.10 4.67 1:dispersant NH3 0.52 0.48 0.48 2.02 2: full neutralization water 0.970.89 0.00 0.00 triacetine 2.00 1.84 1.84 7.78 3: film-forming aidPoloxamer 2.00 1.84 1.84 7.78 4: thermo-gelling agent water 2.00 1.840.00 0.00 Total 108.69 100.00 23.66 100.00

Results

Table 6 provides the resulting viscosity, water resistance andflexibility results for Examples 1-5.

TABLE 6 demineralised example # viscosity water-resistance flexibility 11040 cp good good 2  500 cp good fine 3 1000 cp good fine comparative 41200 cp poor brittle comparative 5  500 cp poor brittleViscosity: Measured with Brookfieldn spindle 27, 10 RPM, 21° C.Demineralised water-resistance was determined as described previously inthe test procedure. The resulting responses were rated according to thefollowing scale as to range: poor (film dissolution below 30 minutes),medium (film dissolution between 30 minutes and 1 hour), fine (filmdissolution between 1 hour and 2 hours), good (test passed, filmdissolution after 2 hours). Flexibility: deformation assessment of thefilm. Range: poor (=brittle film), medium (=fragile film), fine(=handleable film), good (=flexible film)

Additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to thoseskilled in the art. Therefore, the present disclosure in its broaderaspects is not limited to the specific details and representativeembodiments shown and described herein. Accordingly, variousmodifications may be made without departing from the spirit or scope ofthe general inventive concept as defined by the appended claims andtheir equivalents.

1.-18. (canceled)
 19. A capsule shell made from a compositioncomprising: an aqueous composition comprising hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) polymer dispersed in water, whereinthe polymer is present in an amount ranging from about 15% to about 25%by weight of the total weight of the aqueous composition; at least onedispersant in an amount ranging from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight ofthe total weight of said aqueous composition; at least one gelling agentpresent in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight ofthe total weight of said aqueous composition; and water; and wherein thedispersed polymer is partially neutralized with at least one alkalinematerial.
 20. The capsule shell according to claim 19, furthercomprising at least one film forming aid in an amount ranging from about0% to about 40% by weight, of the total weight of the aqueouscomposition.
 21. The capsule shell according to claim 19, wherein thecapsule shell is a hard capsule shell.
 22. The capsule shell accordingto claim 19, wherein the amount of water, as equilibrated with therelative humidity of the outside air, ranges from about 2% to about 20%by weight of the total weight of the capsule shell.
 23. The capsuleshell according to claim 19, further comprising at least oneencapsulated active ingredient.
 24. The capsule shell according to claim19, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises a solid,semi-solid, or liquid form.
 25. The capsule shell according to claim 19,wherein the capsule exhibits a disintegration release of less than about10% of the total encapsulated at least one active ingredient after atime of about 2 hours at a pH of about 1.2; or a dissolution release ofless than about 10% of the total encapsulated at least one activeingredient after at time of about 2 hours at a pH of about 1.2.
 26. Thecapsule shell according to claim 19, wherein the capsule exhibits adissolution release of less than about 10% of the total encapsulated atleast one active ingredient after a time of about 45 minutes indemineralized water.
 27. The capsule shell according to claim 19,wherein the capsule exhibits a dissolution release of about 80% of thetotal encapsulated at least one active ingredient at a time of about 45minutes at a pH of about 6.8. 28.-33. (canceled)
 34. A capsule shellcomprising: hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS)polymer, wherein the polymer is partially neutralized with at least onealkaline material; at least one dispersant in an amount ranging fromabout 0.5% to about 20% by weight of the total weight of said aqueouscomposition; at least one gelling agent present in an amount rangingfrom about 0.1% to about 40% by weight of the total weight of thecapsule shell; and water in an amount from about 2% wt to about 20% wtof the total weight of the capsule shell.
 35. The capsule shell of claim34, further comprising at least one film forming aid in an amountranging up to about 40% by weight, of the total weight of the capsuleshell.
 36. The capsule shell of claim 34, wherein the capsule shell is ahard capsule shell.
 37. The capsule shell of claim 34, wherein theamount of water, as equilibrated with the relative humidity of theoutside air, ranges from about 2% to about 10% by weight of the totalweight of the capsule shell.
 38. The capsule shell according to claim34, wherein the capsule shell exhibits a disintegration release of lessthan about 10% of a total encapsulated at least one active ingredientafter a time of about 2 hours at a pH of about 1.2.
 39. The capsuleshell according to claim 34, wherein the capsule shell exhibits adisintegration release of less than about 10% of a total encapsulated atleast one active ingredient after at time of about 2 hours at a pH ofabout 1.2.
 40. The capsule shell according to claim 34, wherein thecapsule shell exhibits a dissolution release of less than about 10% of atotal encapsulated at least one active ingredient after a time of about45 minutes in demineralized water.
 41. The capsule shell according toclaim 34, wherein the capsule shell exhibits a dissolution release ofabout 80% of a total encapsulated at least one active ingredient at atime of about 45 minutes at a pH of about 6.8.